Lumber-Room Essay

lumber-room The story under analysis was written by Hector Munro, a British novelist and a short-story writer. After his parents’ death he was brought up by a grandmother and two aunts, one of them was a woman of ungovernable temper, of fierce likes and dislikes, imperious and a moral coward. She was the last person who should have been in charge of children. The character of the aunt in The Lumber-Room is Aunt Augusta to the life. The story is about a little boy Nikolas who lives with his cruel aunt, brother and cousins.One day he commits the offence thus bringing the punishment upon himself, but he’s not upset as he is intended to sneak into the lumber-room. He plays trick with his aunt and finally gets into the forbidden paradise. The main idea of this story is the conflict between unchangeable conventional reality and poetry and intellectual freedom, between dogmatic, pedantic, philistine mind and poetic imagination. The story is a 3-person narration interlaced with inner thoughts and descriptive passages. The prevailing mood is rather positive, ironical and highly emotional.The text under study can be divided into 4 logically complete parts. The first part can be entitled â€Å"the 1 part of the plan†. Nickolas is not going with his small brother and his cousins to the Jagborough sands as his aunt has punished him for his disgraceful conduct at breakfast when he refused to eat his wholesome bread-and milk on the seemingly frivolous ground that there was a frog in it. The author’s attitude to the aunt is revealed with the help of the antonomasia â€Å"older and wiser and better people† and the high-flown adjectives â€Å"wholesome and frivolous†.Nickolas is shown as a very wise and clever boy for his age. In the following paragraph the author resorts to some bookish words such as â€Å"alleged†, â€Å"profoundly in error†, â€Å"utmost assurance† and long sentences to make the reader feel the st yle of aunt’s thoughts and haughty treatment of the children. Apart from Nickolas his aunt is described rather directly; she’s shown as self-confident and self-righteous person who can never admit her mistake. Her false piety is depicted by ironical use of religious words, such as â€Å"sin† and â€Å"depravity†.Judicial and military terminology such as â€Å"rigorously debarred†, â€Å"skilled tactician† conveys the tense atmosphere in the aunt and boy’s relations. At the time of children’s departure N drops a few decent tears. But he isn’t upset as this is just a part of his plan. The second part can be entitled as â€Å"the 2 part of the plan†. N is forbidden to go into the gooseberry garden as he’s in disgrace. And his aunt is going to keep an eye on it. But N himself feels perfectly capable of being in disgrace and in the gooseberry garden at the same time. And with the help of the zeugma the author co ntributes humorous effect in the text.The reader can trace the opposition between the aunt and the boy, which is again reproduced by the military terms, such as â€Å"sorties†, â€Å"operations†, â€Å"sentry-duty†, â€Å"unauthorized intrusion†. This idea also appears in the different attitude to the gooseberry garden. For aunt it is a forbidden paradise and for N it’s just a mere material pleasure. The descriptive passage of the aunt shows her as a woman of few ideas, with immense power of concentration. So, during N’s aunt duty, the boy gets the key, which opens the door of the lumber-room. The third part can be entitled â€Å"in the lumber-room†.N gets into the lumber-room and everything is new for him. In the first paragraph we see the repetition of the word â€Å"it†, which indicates Nikolas’s strong desire to get into the lumber-room. It was carefully sealed but this fact just stirred his curiosity. With the help of the metaphor â€Å"unimagined treasure† and description of the lumber-room (it was dimly lit), the author creates the mysterious atmosphere. Nicholas’s aunt is shown as rather conservative and mean as she prefer to consign things to dust and damp to preserve them and not to spoil.The metaphorical epithet â€Å"living breathing story† is used to show that Nickolas was impressionable, imaginative, full of creative ideas with poetic nature. It is understood indirectly through Nicholas’s attitude to the tapestry picture, which he sees for the first time but creates a vivid fairytale with a great number of small details. And the questions used in this paragraph indicate the dynamically developing plot of the fairytale in the N’s mind. The metaphorical epithet â€Å"golden minutes† is used to show that the time Nickolas spends in the lumber-room is very precious.When N finishes with the picture he notices other objects of delight and interest. The great number of epithets used in this part such as: objects of delight, (claiming his) instant attention, quaint candlesticks, undreamed-of creatures and the metaphorical expression â€Å"for the eyes to feast on† – emphasizes the fact that N isn’t used to such unusual things and it makes the opposition to the things in the house, which are â€Å"bare† and â€Å"cheerless†, dull and shapeless. The use of the exclamatory marks shows highly emotional state of the boy.Suddenly, the scream and then shriek of the aunt come from the gooseberry garden. But N smiles as he feels his victory in the war. Being skilled tactician he restores things to their places, shakes some dust on them, creeps from the room, locks the door and replaces the key exactly where he had found it. He saunters into the garden considering himself the winner of the battle. The 4th part can be entitled as â€Å"The rebellion†. Nickolas hears his aunt’s voice from the gooseberry garden where she gets into the rain-water tank while searching for him and she can’t get out as the sides are slippery.She asks him to help but he says that he isn’t to go into the garden and suspects her being the Evil One that tempts him to be disobedient. We see now that Nickolas pronounces the aunt’s usual phrase and thus fights her with her own weapon. This idea is proved with the using the metaphor â€Å"the prisoner in the tank†. So, the person who rescues the aunt is a kitchemaid. During the evening tea there is fearsome silence. The children are disappointed with the trip as there was the tide and there was no sands to play on and the metaphor punitive expedition contributes the state of the children.The aunt suffers the situation in the tank and only Nickolas, who is to be in disgrace is satisfied and thinks about the continuation of the story pictured in his mind while watching tapestry in the lumber-room. The story ends again with the antithesis of unchangeable conventional reality and poetry and intellectual freedom. On the whole this text appeals to me as it shows the problems of human nature and children up-bringing. The aunt is a conventional person who tries to keep everything as it is, without any change.She has no joy in her life and she brings up the children in the way that leads them to the same attitude to the world. But in spite of this, N, a young but extremely wise and clever boy, sees the things from the different side. He is very curious; he enjoys the world and tries to broaden his horizon. This problem of upbringing is still quite acute and the story helps to see it from another side. Moreover, the author makes an abundant usage of different stylistic devices which produce ironical and humorous effect and helps to ridicule such way of up-bringing through the character of the aunt and this makes the story even more vivid.

Employee Portfolio Management Plan

As a manager at Riordan Manufacturing I recently had three employees take a series of self-assessments. I did this so that I could help manage them effectively. Now that I have these assessments, I will create an Employee Portfolio for each of the employees as a help guide in developing ways to manage them. The first assessment taken was, how satisfied am I with my job? This basically is your general attitude about the job. The higher the score the more satisfied the employee. Amber scored the highest at 73 points. Amber is a highly motivated employee, but complains very openly when she is upset. Chris scored a 62 on the assessment. He is a positive employee but could be more flexible on his working habits. Last is Taylor, who scored a 58. She is motivated but likes to go out of her way to help others. This has caused a few problems in branch she works in. The second assessment taken was the am I engaged? This scale measures work engagement. The higher the score, the more engaged an employee. Taylor scored the highest on this assessment with a 35. Taylor is determined to do the job right but sometimes gets too detail oriented. This causes her work to be late. Chris scored a 32 on the assessment. Chris is a natural leader but has a tendency to get too involved with some of his surroundings. Last is Amber who scored a 25. Amber is persistent which can result in unnecessary talking. The third assessment is how are you feeling right now? This scale ranges 10 to 50, the higher the score the more positive the emotions. Taylor scored the highest at 39; she is a very upbeat young lady who can be emotionally sensitive at times. Next is Chris with 32, he is a self-confident young man but sometimes is insensitive to the needs of others. Last is Amber who scored 27. Amber is a happy individual but gets easily depressed if something upsetting happens. The next assessment is what’s my affect intensity? This assessment measures the strength of an emotion. Scores range from 10 to 50, the higher the score; the more intense the emotion is felt. You can read also Portfolio Management Quizzes Taylor scored a 35, Amber scored a 28, and Chris scored a 23. My recommendations to the three employees are as follows: Taylor should complete her task in the time allowed and not worry about the small insignificant details. Amber should not get too caught up in non-work related conversations. This takes away from the company and allows for personal problems to take place. My recommendations to Chris are that when in social settings, keep it social. When at work, keep it work related.

Wal-Mart Market Analysis

Wal-Mart Market Analysis Wal-Mart is the second largest company in the world. Its focus is on mass merchandising as opposed to specialty merchandising. The idea behind mass merchandising is to offer products and services in one convenient store to better manage a consumer’s time. An example of how Wal-Mart mass merchandisers is by offering a multitude of products and services within one convenient store. They sell sporting goods, electronics, housing needs, clothing, groceries, consumables, and toiletries all in one convenient location. Similar to a mall, Wal-Mart meets all of its customers’ needs in one location. This is a very valuable ability because it allows the customer to have more control over his or her time. (Research and Markets, 2010) The company operates under three main operation segments. Its most common segment will be its Wal-Mart. The second common segment found in the United States is Sam’s Club. Sam’s club is similar to Wal-Mart except that it is larger in size and puts more emphasis on wholesale retail. They are more popular with businesses and large families. The company’s last segment consists of International stores. Though Wal-Mart has few locations outside the United States its name is widely known. (Research and Markets, 2010) Within the United States, Wal-Mart has a variety of mass merchandising locations. Wal-Mart’s products and services within each location are based on demographics and surrounding stores. Superstores, discount stores, and neighborhood markets are the three types of stores Wal-Mart might open, given a certain demographic. If a community is large and consists of multiple school districts and many families, Wal-Mart will consider opening a Superstore or neighborhood market. Within a neighborhood market, Wal-Mart offers lower pricing to compete with higher priced stores such as Targets, Kohls, ShopRites, ACMEs, and Super fresh. Even shopping malls competing with Wal-Mart. Discount stores are located in smaller communities, mostly consisting of elderly individuals or small families. (Research and Markets, 2010) Wal-Mart’s is a very powerful company due to its low pricing and high volume. It drives mom and pop shops and local small retail stores out of business due to the inability to compete with such a large chain. Although this is disappointing, Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers, providing jobs for over a million employees. So it does its share to contribute to employment. (Market Research, 2010) Everyday Wal-Mart is increasing its market share. Years back Wal-Mart was just another retailer, but due to massive expansion and lower prices, Wal-Mart now competes in almost every type of retail business. Wal-Mart is now opening grocery stores, gas stations, and supercenters that sell everything imaginable in order to maximize its market share. Everyday Wal-Mart is devising new ideas to keep a huge control over the market share. Ideas of incorporating a grocery store within a clothing store were farfetched 10 years ago, but now it is typical to buy dairy products and sporting goods all in one store. Now farfetched and even crazier ideas such as selling used cars, financial services, and home improvement needs can be realized within Wal-Mart’s ability to expand its products and services. (Market Research, 2010) Wal-Mart has the ability to continue growing to higher and even deeper depths. The goal for Wal-Mart is to not let its goals of expanding interfere with its normal and everyday operations. Low prices and convenience are a must for Wal-Mart to continue operating. Today Wal-Mart is a common name in retail just as Ford is common to automobiles. ? References Market Research, Initials. (2010). The Age of wal-mart. Retrieved fromhttp://www. marketresearch. com/map/prod/805195. html Research and Markets, Initials. (2010). Analysis of wal-mart stores. Retrieved from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reportinfo. asp? report_id=552122

Groth issues of Aconex company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Groth issues of Aconex company - Essay Example In fact this is part of our strategic management process. 11. What % of sales do you export Majority of our sales are for the overseas market. About 51-80 percent is the export market share in the revenues 12. Is your company taking advantage of the growth of the economies in China or India Yes. These two nations are the fastest growing economies today. With each country having more than a billion consumers, both having strong presence in the IT and ITES sector and availability of quality services with cheaper labor, these two countries are the obvious choice for such a venture. 13. How We have staff (sales and support) directly employed in both China and India. This way we are able to leverage the economies of scale. 14. Are changing demographics affecting your business strategy No. Compatibility with global environment is a prerequisite for survival in today's context. Therefore, companies are supposed to be ready for such diversities. 15. Is your company preparing for an economic slowdown in Australia No. With signals of a thaw in the global slowdown, and some sort of stability in the global financial markets we don't expect such a scenario anytime soon. 16. What are your best tips in a slump Adopting austerity measures in these times of slowdown will help us in remaining better prepared for the uncertain future. One of the quick fire solutions to wade through the slump is cutting down the salaries and being focused and aggressive in our marketing approach. 17. What is your principal aim in expanding the business The principal aim is to build a globally successful and competitive business 18. Did you plan your exit before you started...These days the online platform has bridged those distances. It order to exploit fullest potential of the company we intend to put daylight between us and second place of operation viz. New York and Sydney; Washington and Melbourne etc. We have a set of criteria to determine which markets we should enter next, based on size of market, availability of broadband, and the level of competition. In fact this is part of our strategic management process. Yes. These two nations are the fastest growing economies today. With each country having more than a billion consumers, both having strong presence in the IT and ITES sector and availability of quality services with cheaper labor, these two countries are the obvious choice for such a venture. Adopting austerity measures in these times of slowdown will help us in remaining better prepared for the uncertain future. One of the quick fire solutions to wade through the slump is cutting down the salaries and being focused and aggressive in our marketing approach. We know that the human resource is key to the success of any venture. We try our best to keep the workforce motivated enough to work in sync with the mission nd objectives of the company. Share plans, bonuses, flexible work practices, above average salaries, Volunteer leave are some of the features of our HR policy. In order to sustain the team spirit amongst the workforce, the management is always on th

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales Essay

Equity and Trusts Assignment 3 England and Wales - Essay Example The wishes contained in Vera’s will upon her death amounted to issues relating to equity and trusts law. Actually, it relates to charitable trusts. Under the Charitable Act 2006, Vera’s wish as contained in her will is considered as charitable gifts. These gifts can be defined as gifts that are given by either the legal or physical person to benefit a particular cause, often known as charitable purposes. Most charitable givers, like Vera, mostly employ the services of executors and trustees to execute their charitable cause. Executors and trustees are the people who have fiduciary duty of property administration, a duty which they should discharge in consistence with testator’s wishes (as expressed in his or her will) (Dollimore, 2007, p. 56). The law requires that the validity of the charitable gifts be ascertained. Therefore, executors and trustees should be conversant with the criterion of determining such validity. Determination of validity of the provisions contained in a testator’s will is crucial in ensuring that such wishes meet the legal threshold. It is against this background that it is important to determine the validity of Vera’s wishes. In her will, Vera gave all her property to her executors and trustees upon trust to sell the same and to hold the proceeds of sale as a trust fund upon trust in two halves. The first half was aimed at promoting research into the theory that the pyramids were built by aliens from another world. According to Edwards and Nigel (2007, p. 71), under the Charities Act 2006, this is considered as a valid cause because its main purpose is to promote education. Education as a charitable purpose is founded on Charitable Uses Act 1601 and has been further expanded under the Charities Act 2006. Over the years, the common law has recognized education as a charitable purpose that covers a wide area. The education category includes

Extended analysis paper on The Rocking-Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence Essay

Extended analysis paper on The Rocking-Horse Winner by D. H. Lawrence - Essay Example Early in the story the boy Paul has a talk with his mother about money. But the talk is not the usual mother-son conversation that promotes hard work and ingenuity. The mother advocates the avenue of easy money by the use of luck. She carries the definition a step farther as she blurs the line between money and luck. "Filthy lucre does mean money," said the mother. "But its lucre, not luck" (Lawrence). The use of the words filthy lucre interjects an almost obscene sense of money and wealth. The mother continues her idolization of the character trait of being lucky. She insults Pauls father and says "...its better to be born lucky than rich" (Lawrence). She then tells Paul that his own father is "very unlucky" marking him as a failure as a father and a husband. These images are burned into the mind of Paul at this young age and tempers his value system throughout the rest of his short life. The mother has almost no connection with her husband or family. She occupies the house in body but not in spirit. The household had healthy children and a modest income, yet it was squandered by the mothers view of it. Lawrence describes it as "at the centre of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody". It was love that Paul craved and needed, and it was his mothers love that he would spend the story in search of. Because she was distant and disconnected, she would be easily satisfied with material goods, money, and a lust for it. Paul could sense the emptiness in his mother and her need for a husband, luck, and money. Pauls early attempt at fulfilling his mothers needs, and thus replacing the father, is seen in his early experience on the rocking horse. Lawrence describes Pauls quest to satisfy his mothers need for money, luck, and sexual satisfaction. There is a scene where he is furiously riding his rocking horse striking it with a whip that he had gotten

The Son Also Rises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Son Also Rises - Essay Example Paris, which had been his home previously, is no longer suitable for him. The city’s pace and vibrancy is something he cannot keep up with. The city also reminded him of his lover Brett, to whom he no longer can make love due to his physical impotency. Hence, he decides to go to the more laid back and picturesque town of Burguete. The slower pace of life here and the cordial nature of the town’s inhabitants enable him to start the process of recuperation. More importantly, this place enables Barnes to impose order on his life and make an independent living. He is able to live life on his own terms and also maintain dignity. But the story of Jake Barnes’ confrontation with his physical and emotional marring does not end there, for his discontent with the sedate and lonely existence in Burguete forces him to continue his search for inner peace. This peace proves elusive and not until the end of the story does Jake Barnes able to somehow reconcile with his reality. It is only when he moves to San Sebastian, does Barnes achieve some sort of stability and harmony, albeit with an element of resignation too. Hence, Jake Barnes typifies the Hemingway Hero in The Sun Also Rises. The other important character in the novel is that of the popular Bull fighter Pedro Romero, whom Jake admires very much. In fact, Jake takes comfort and pride from the successes of Romero. Hemingway is implying that Jake Barnes compensates for his inadequacies through the accomplishments of Pedro Romero. The qualities that define Jake Barnes also differ sharply from the attributes of a typical Hemingway Code Hero. As opposed to a Hemingway Hero, the Code Hero, though dealt harshly by the circumstances of life, does not submit himself to its constraints. To the contrary, he refuses to be defeated by life and remains tough and optimistic. Romero is also shown to display humility and dedication to his craft of Bull

Economic history Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic history - Assignment Example The insatiable quest for many profits necessitated the involvement of many workers and extensive labor division. Meaning that employees could work in different locations, anonymous to each other, with the aim of producing various parts for the same commodity. This led to each producer developing a sense of isolation and loneliness, which in the end translated to producers emerging as egoistic. This state of egoism led to a natural state of war with each fighting solely against a myriad others. However, this state of war could only be controlled if there were a central party which every producer would submit to and in turn gain protection from the rest producers. This was explained by Hobbes in his writing where he stressed that it was only after submission to an absolute monarch that individuals would escape the conflict existing among them. Economic specialization, on the other hand, explained the co-existence of different producers in the market system to help each other survive. There was complete dependence on each other for successful functioning of the market. Economic specialization was important as it provided for a relatively free functioning market where producers assisted each other produce and in turn benefit (Hunt 128). Labor and economic specialization contradict each other in that for the former, producers worked in isolation that prompted a feeling of competition among each other. For the latter, however, producers work to benefit each other. There is no single producer that can exist without the other. In conclusion, human beings have a desire to achieve pleasure but avoid pain with his nature being competitive and egoistic. Specialization of labor is meant to maximize profits and speed up production in any market system. When producers are left to work independent, there is the development of an

Smart backpack Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart backpack - Essay Example l phones and tablets as it provides them with a USB cable which they can freely and easily use to charge the gadgets while moving around whatever situations or places they are in at any time. The bag is perpetually designed to safely hold the gadgets since it has a limited capacity and thereby there are close to zero chances of moving parts. Moreover, the bag is very durable and has a potential of lasting four times than other ordinary back bags, hence giving individuals value and service for the money they use in the purchase. The smart back bag will be efficient for most of its users as they will have the first experience of using a fully modified back bag of the century. The bag will act as a source of power for mobile and tablet gadgets as it will have a battery that is installed in it to collect, preserve and produce power or electricity when needed. The bag will be able to function effectively during sunny days and average when there is no sun or partial sunlight. However, functioning will be less or none at all in winter conditions. The solar cell will be used in the smart black bag to absorb the suns energy and later convert it to power that can be used by different sorts of machines. Therefore the solar cell and solar technology will be used in the production and the invention of the new smart back bag. The bag will be fitted with concentrated solar power systems which will work to absorb and direct the suns energy and generate it into heat before passing it over to be stored in the battery of the smart back bag. Secondly, the solar systems in the smart back bag will also be fitted with transpired solar collectors and solar water heating systems which will function to produce heat to be used as power for recharging cell phones and tablets. The cell phones and tablets will be either charged directly by the solar systems installed in the bag or via the battery which has been charged by the solar energy, anyway is still effective. This will reduce the

How Globalization Affects small businesses Essay

How Globalization Affects small businesses - Essay Example ization affecting the current experiences in small business venture?† The increasing changes in business climate are a possible result of globalization effect. Many small and medium enterprises are not able to realize how this phenomenon is influencing the business environment. â€Å"Have you noted any unexplained changes in competition, consumer behavior, price changes and business rules and regulations which are derived from the globalization?† Such an approach to discussing the issue of globalization will evoke the interest of the reader due to the sensitivity of the question in respect of the widespread startup firms and increasing competition in small and medium enterprise in this era of globalization (Friedlander, Edward and John 56). This journalism lead approach is more appropriate in the case of using pictures and diagram to make a visual appeal to the underlying issues being addressed (Ballenger 163-4). It serves the purpose of a visual impression and gives the reader an overview of the topic being addressed. This is a critical tool of captivating the attention of the reader through proper pictorial presentation and precise expression of ideas (Friedlander, Edward and John 61-6). From the picture above it can be noted that the increasing technological application in small businesses is a culmination of the rising competition in various industries. Cost reduction measure versus high quality output is a major goal of the profit oriented small enterprises operators. In this respect, non-price competitive strategies are at play and this sums up as a culmination of the globalization effect. To contain the gap between well-established multinational corporations and startup firms, information technology application provides a level ground for survival and this one aspect of globalization. In this case, the critical concepts of globalization and its effect on small business are addressed through visual presentation and the reader has grasped important facts

Financing Health Care in the US Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financing Health Care in the US - Term Paper Example prior to delving into the intricate issues and concerns that the government is trying to address to improve its present stance. Thereby, from among the scholarly articles reviewed on the subject, the suggestions and recommendations of various authors would be revealed in conjunction with one’s personal assessment on the subject of this discourse. There are two types of access to the delivery of health care services in any nation: through the public or private sectors. Generally, the private sector in any health care system of a nation consists of divergent nongovernmental institutions of an array of levels and dimensions. Public health is predominantly financed with funds from the government that is solicited from public sources such as tax revenues. The health care in the United States is dominantly serviced and administered by private health institutions where no public hospitals are deemed owned and operated by the federal government. As revealed by Holstein and Litzinger (2008, 15), â€Å"in the U.S., the rapid rise in health care cost and low access are widely recognized as twin problems. Health care reform in this country first focused on cost containment through managed care to make health insurance affordable, and then shifted to expanding access to coverage at the state level without doing away with the private health insurance market†. This fact was likewise validated by Siegel, Mead and Burke (2008) who noted the parallel contentions in the rising costs of health care services coupled with the increasing number of Americans who are uninsured. Health insurance can actually be availed through an employed individual’s employer or through the employers of either the spouse or parents’, as applicable. Health insurance can also be purchased individually depending on one’s capacity or financial status, and the required scope and contents of health insurance coverage. The problem is

Simulating Dialysis Essay Example for Free

Simulating Dialysis Essay Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? __ The molecules were to large to go through. My results matched._ 3.Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? __The albumin was not able to go through and the glucose did. I predicted that neither of them will diffuse, however the glucose was able to go through._ ___ 4.Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. _sodium chloride, urea, glucose and albumin__ ___ ACTIVITY 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion 1.Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs.__ Both are passive diffusion that are from high concentration gradient to a low concentration gradient. Facilitated differs from simple because it requires a carrier protein to diffuse. _ ___ 2.The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? The rate increased because there is more room and surface area increases relative to glucose. ___ 3.Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? _I picked the answer based on the activity. My results matched. ACTIVITY 3 Simulating Osmotic Pressure 1.Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___ __ Increasing the NaCl will increase the osmotic pressure because water needs to diffuse to the higher concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached_. My results were the same. 2.Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different. ___ _ Both are passive transports of high concentration gradient to low concentration gradient. Osmosis differs because it is the diffusion of water from a high to a low concentration gradient through a selective permeable membrane.__ 3.Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles.† ___ __ Osmosis is the diffusion of the solvent, e.g. water. The water in this simulation diffuses to the side of the membrane that has the highest concentration of the solutes. _ 4.The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right b eaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? the glucose diffuses from the right beaker to the left beaker until equilibrium is reached. The albumin cannot diffuse through the membrane. My results were off. ACTIVITY 4 Simulating Filtration 1.Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___ _ This increase in pore size will increase the filtration rate because if it have more space, they will be able to pass through. If you connect a water hose to spray your grass, the water will come out faster than a device that attaches to water your grass. My results matched.__ 2.Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. ___ _ Powdered Charcoal- It was too large to pass through.__ 3.Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction? _ The pressure allows for more movement through the membrane but equilibrium was not reached.__My results were 50/50 ___ ACTIVITY 5 Simulating Active Transport 1.Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. _ the Na/K pump allows for 3:2 ratio__ ___ 2.Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? __ In order for the Na+/K+ pump to function, both these ions and ATP must be in place. My results were off._ 3.Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? __ Glucose concentration does not affect the Na/K concentration. My results are off. 4.Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. __ It is being transported by facilitated diffusion. Since glucose is a lipid insoluble and too large to pass through the membrane it requires a carrier but not ATP (no energy needed.)_ ___

Postmodernism in London Architecture

Postmodernism in London Architecture Reflective Summary The video was produced to critically examine the concept and spatial pattern of London as many cities in one. We took a postmodern urbanism view using iconographic place making analysis. It must be stated that the term postmodernism in itself is a highly debated topic (Crook, 1992). There exits much debate about whether the conditions described as postmodern are at all unique and new, or if said conditions even exist (Best and Kellner, 1992). For us, the very debate surrounding the term is evidence enough that as embedded researchers we must consider the ideas associated with the term. Thus, the term has become an indispensable name for a way of thinking about urbanism, which clearly concerns us. The video showcases how social and urbanism intersect and the concept of postmodernism in London. The video incorporates hard and soft features of the city, focusing on eight key aspects of urban ecology, economic, religious, tourist, education, retail, sports, and political. Expanding on th e concentric zone theory by the Chicago School, we detailed social spaces of London that could iconically define the city on their own. I focused on London as an educational city. My initial approach was to examine and detail London’s education system as a whole, but quickly realized this was too ambitious. So I decided to only include the higher education institutions. Higher Education students make up 4.7% of London’s total population of 8.17 million estimated in the 2011 Census. In 2013 London’s universities attracted over 100,000 international students, and 62,000 from the rest of the UK; additionally, 24% of all international students in the UK were studying in London (London Higher, 2013). Through my research I found this to be quit a task as well, since London has approximately 40 higher education institutions. I had to narrow down what would be the most iconic institutions for my video, and decided the oldest institutions would be the most iconic. So I research the three oldest institutions, Kings College Founded in 1829, University of London Founded in 1836, and London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) Founded in 189 5. These schools have a long history and distinct architecture which I thought was important to the overall project. The universities were all centrally located in the heart London with the tourist spaces a short distance away. This posed some difficulties in the ease of access, since the only viable transport seemed to be the subway. So I planned accordingly, first starting with King’s College. King’s College is organised into nine academic schools, spread across four Thames-side campuses in central London. I decided to film on the Strand Campus, which is the founding campus of Kings College. Once I began filming I started by detailing the architecture, and spaces within the campus. The most prominent building on the campus was the Somerset House East Wing. This was contrasted by the postmodern architecture of the entrance to the main reception building, and remodelled facade facing Strand St. (See Plate 1). This mix of architecture was interesting, and a good example of defined periods in English history. I started with architecture because contained within each of these two buildings is the respective ideologies of neoclassicism and postmodernism (Jencks, 2002). The architecture provides a clear example of the visual aesthetics associated with each movement, and a concrete reflection of the culture and economic conditions from which it arises. Walking around the ca mpus I had the feeling of exclusion, as the area was gated and there was a stark difference in the social aspect of the space, and social aspect outside the gate just a few meters away. In contrast, LSE less than a block away has a feeling of inclusion and openness. Plate 1. Contrasting architecture of Somerset House East Wing, and the main reception building. The London School of Economics and Political Science campus at Clare Market and Houghton Street in Westminster was my second filming location. The openness of the campus is due to its ownership of adjacent buildings, creating an almost continuous campus between Kingsway and the Royal Courts (See Plate 2). The architecture was modern, and walking through the campus felt like walking on a regular London street. However, there were spaces of student culture, which felt different and unique from off campus. These spaces had various arts, student made posters, and seating areas. There is current renovation occurring at the school that may be postmodern, but is not visible. Plate 2. LSE campus at Houghton St. and Aldwych. The third and final site filmed was the University of London (See Plate 3). London is the second-largest university by number of full-time students in the United Kingdom, with around 135,000 campus-based students (London Higher, 2013). The main criticism of urban ecology is that it neglects the role of culture in its analysis of the social structure of a city. Another criticism is that the theory is overly simplistic, taking no account of class, race, gender and ethnicity (Best and Kellner, 1992). When filming on this campus I decided to address this by taking a social approach, and filmed the cultural aspects of the students in the campus spaces. Although the campus is relatively open like LSE, there is a feeling of exclusion when walking through the space. In and around the university the student culture is very apparent. The demographics of the students were diverse with no sign of a dominate race or sex, creating a multi-cultural space. Additionally the local shops in the area ca tered to the students, indicating a symbiotic relationship with the students driving the economy in the area (Clarke, 2003). Plate 3. University of London campus at Gower St. As the finished film was put together we begin to see that postmodernism is not purely an aesthetic style, but something more. This something more includes cultural and economic conditions. More precisely, Postmodernism names a change in the cultural and economic conditions that help to constitute the western world. References Best, S. and Kellner, D. (1992) Postmodern Theory: Critical Interrogations, New York, Guilford Publications Clarke, D. (2003) Consumer Society and the Postmodern City, London, Routledge Crook, S. (1992) Postmodernization, London, Sage Dear, M. and Flusty, S. (2002) Spaces of Postmodernity, Oxford, Blackwell Gane, N (2002) Max Weber and Postmodern Theory, London, Palgrave Jencks, C. (2002) The New Paradigm in Architecture: The Language of Post-modern Architecture. 7th ed. New Haven: Yale University Press Kaplan, A. (1988) Postmodernism and its Discontents, London, Verso London Higher (2013) Students In Higher Education Institutions 2012/13 – London Region, From http://www.hesa.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_pubstask=show_pub_detailpubid=1Itemid=286 accessed on 02 Feb 2013 McKible, A. (2002) Space and Place of Modernism, London, Routledge Minca, C. (2001) Postmodern Geography: theory and praxis, London, Blackwell

Cross Cultural Application Of Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Commerce Essay

Cross Cultural Application Of Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Commerce Essay Studies have proposed that the effective use of human capital is likely the most important determinant of organisational performance (Adler, 1991 cited in Fey 2005). This has prompted organisations to seek for ways to motivate their employees to work to their full potential and to ensure optimal organisational performance. Once of the most cited and discussed theories of motivation is Abrahams Maslows Hierarchy of needs, which is same as with other popular motivation theories, Maslows model was based on research carried out on individuals from the United States (Fatehi, 1996, Gibson 1994). While it is reasonable to assume that this theory can help managers in America, the question arises as to its applicability to international management. The aim of this essay is to address that question using America and China as case studies. This essay is structured into three parts, the first part of this essay would consist of an overview of the various theories of motivation, the second part w ould look at Hofstedes cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism while the final part would analyse the applicability and implications of using Maslows Theory of Motivation within individualistic and collectivistic cultures (America and China respectively). Motivation According to Bateman and Snell (2007) motivation refers to forces that energize, direct and sustain a persons efforts. Theories of Motivation There are two groups under which motivation theories are classified namely: content theories and process theories. Content theories, also known as the need theories are concerned with the internal factors that motivate an individual. These theories suggest that individual needs keeps changing and that to motivate individuals, it is important to take into consideration these needs and fulfil them. Notable among the content theories is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Hygiene Theory and McClellands Learned Need Theory. On the other side, the process theories of motivation are concerned with the how people initiate, direct and maintain their motivations. These theories see motivation as a rational cognitive process. Examples include Adams equity theory (1963), which assumes that people expect a balance to exist between their contributions and their outcomes. They compare their circumstances with other similar people and if there is any inequity (if it is to their disadvantag e) they adapt their behaviour to lessen that inequity. Vrooms Expectancy Theory (1964) is also part of the process theories. Maslow Hierarchy of Need Theory: Maslows theory suggests that people will satisfy basic-level needs before adjusting behaviour to satisfy higher-level needs. Once a lower need is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivator and the individual progresses to the next need in hierarchical order. Source: Maslows Hieracy of Needs; www.learnmanagement2.com Such needs have been recognized by Maslow and in their hierarchical order, include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization. In Maslows model, individuals at the outset desire to gratify physiological needs. Physiological needs are the fundamental human needs which are necessary to maintain life and consist of food, clothing and shelter. Other desires present slight motivation pending the satisfaction of these basic needs. As soon as physiological needs are satisfied, safety becomes the next need. Safety characterizes the need to be liberated of the fear of bodily harm, the want to experience freedom from lack of fundamental physiological needs and the desire for self-protection. Subsequently, the social need arises as the chief need to be satisfied. The social need represents striving for significant relationships with other people. Once the need for significant relationship is fulfilled, the individual begins to seek more personal recogni tion and desires esteem or recognition from other people. The satisfaction of this need produces feelings of self-confidence, prestige, power, and control. After satisfying the need for self-esteem, self-actualization becomes the principal need. Self-actualization represents the desire to take full advantage of ones abilities and be what one is able to be (Maslow, 1970, Hersey, 1996, Gambel and Cianci, 2003). Cultural Dimensions Culture can be defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living (Hill, 2009 p. 89). According to Hofstede (1984), there are five dimensions of culture namely: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity. Power distance relates to the way a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in intellectual and physical capabilities. The uncertainty avoidance dimension relates to the extent to which different cultures socialised their members to accepting uncertainty and ambiguous situations; According to Hofstede, members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures place a premium of job security, benefits and demonstrate a strong resistance to change while the opposite applies to members of cultures with low uncertainty avoidance. Individualism and Collectivism refers to relationship between the individual and his fellows. In individualistic cultures, bonds between individuals are loose and freedom an individual achievement are valued while in cultures where collectivism is emphasized, bonds are tight and individuals are supposed to look out for the interest of others before his own. Hofstedes masculinity versus femininity dimension refers to the distribution of roles between genders in a particular culture. (Hofstede, 1984, Hill, 2009). Overview of Individualism and Collectivism Individualism Amongst individualistic societies, Hofstede (1984) suggests that individuals desire and gain a high quality of life as a result of success achieved by his or her efforts alone. Achievement, self-actualization, and self-respect describe an individualistic society and furthermore typify self-esteem and self-actualization in Maslows hierarchy of needs. One conserves self-respect and separates work and private life in an individualistic society. In the work organization, completing the job task will come before developing relationships. Collectivism Hofstede (1980) suggests that collectivism can be described by a tight social framework where differences exist between in-groups and out-groups. Individuals expect to be cared for by their fellows, which can consist of relatives, clans, or organizations in exchange for absolute allegiance. Hofstede (1982) also points out that individual are born into a collective society. Consequently, Hofstede (1984) suggests that in a collectivist society, a high quality of life is defined more in terms of the family and close relatives than the individual. In terms of the work environment, individuals from collectivist cultures do not separate their private lives from their jobs, relationships take precedence over job tasks and importance is placed on the development of relationships as a requirement to work together effectively. American and Chinese Culture To better understand the extent to which various factors motivates individuals from different cultures, it important to look at their national culture. The national culture of America and China shall be discussed briefly using Hofstedes (1984) model. Despite the short coming of this model, it is still widely used because it provides data on characteristics of culture based on a large number of respondents from variety of countries. Dimension America China Power Distance 40 80 Individualism 91 20 Uncertainty Avoidance 46 40 Masculinity 62 66 Source: Hofstede, G (1983), The Culture Relativity of Organisational Practices and Theories, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.14 (4) pp.75-89 American Culture Hofstede argues that, the ordering of needs in Maslows hierarchy represents a value choice Maslows value choice. This choice was based on his mid-twentieth century U.S. middle class values (1984, p. 396). Maslows hierarchy was developed during an era when the American culture stressed individual achievement. The rapid growth of this country, which was facilitated by strong emphasis on education, lifestyle and career opportunities, influenced the formulation the needs demonstrated on Maslows model (Gambel and Cianci, 2003). Hamden, Turner and Trompenaar (1993) argue that the American culture places a lot of emphasis on making the individual self reliant as against being influenced by his or her external environment or others. Nevis (1983) also states that the American culture over the years has developed from assumptions that stress the independence of the individual. It can be confirmed from the research done the Maslows Theory was based on individualism that was prevalent in the Ame rican society. The question therefore arises as to whether this theory can be applied to cultures that are high on the collectivism dimension. Chinese culture Lit et al (2002) state that research on cultural studies identify family oriented collectivism as a key Chinese cultural characteristics. According to Triandis (1996), the Chinese are collectivist individuals. Similarly, Smith and Bond(1993) points out that a lot of research have discovered that the Chinese place a lot of emphasis and importance on family values and hierarchy. This characteristic is also noticed in the work environment; Chinese business practices are influenced by family-oriented collectivism and the structure of their organisations supports the collectivist nature (Nevis 1983, Li et al, 2000). These factors suggest that a Chinese hierarchy of needs would differ significantly from Maslows original model. The main issue concerning Maslows Theory and its ability to apply to Chinese cultures is the aspects of self actualisation and the need for social belonging. Other needs such as physiological and safety needs are basic needs that are present in any culture, although it may not be sought after in the sequence proposed by Maslow. However, his hierarchy of needs places the need for social belonging as being desired after physiological and safety needs are met. While self actualisation is the ultimate need. While these may be applicable in the American society, such cannot be said concerning the Chinese. Being a collectivist culture, one of the main focuses of individuals in such societies is to look out for the well being of their immediate family and relations. Such characteristics are acquired from young as the individuals watch the way their fellows interact. It is therefore not a need that they aspire to or desire but rather one that is already embedded in their environment. This ne ed therefore, cannot be used as a motivator for individuals from collectivist cultures especially China. Another problem with the application of this theory in collectivist cultures is the importance Maslow places of self actualisation. Self actualisation is seen as the chief desire of individuals. While this is possible in cultures that are highly individualistic, the same doesnt apply to collectivist cultures. As demonstrated in the literature on collectivist cultures, the aspect of self is not emphasized while communal thinking is promoted in place of individualistic behaviours. In cultures such as China, the need for Self-actualisation as proposed by Maslow may not exist at all. The implication of this is especially important for managers who are working in cross cultural environment. When using Maslows theory of motivation, it should be clear as to who such motivations are targeted to. Generalising this theory as being applicable to individuals from diverse cultures may not be in the best interest of management as they may not achieve their aim of motivating their employees to full potential. Although Maslows Hierarchy of Need theory is an important contribution that can help managers in motivating their employees, it should be handled carefully when dealing with individuals from diverse backgrounds.

The Making of a True Person :: essays research papers

One day five years ago I meet a boy. This boy was special in every way possible, except with himself. He had always held back his feelings never sharing his thoughts with anyone. After a while this boy had grow close to me and we had started dating. The boy and I decided one day to call it off and just be good friends, but for the boy and I we didn't realize it but we had already grown to close. During a past years of being together we had dated on and off. Finding that ever time we split apart we had grown closer and could never leave each other's sight. Finally the boy and I decided to give it a long-term try, where we could talk out our differences and problems. I always knew that there was something he was holding back from me, but I could figure out what it was. The boy and I finally came to find that we loved each other not only as a couple, but also as a friend. We could always talk about what was on his mind and he would tell me little stuff such as: "I am just not happy with how things work in life." or "I can't understand how people do things like that." He would get upset so easily when he heard about parents forcing kids to believe in what the parents wanted them to against their will. I never understood why until one day when he decided to talk to me about it. When we first started to talk he told me first about the scar on his side, he told me how it wasn't a bullet mark that scraped across him but it was from when he had chicken pox. He told me about when he used to live in Bristol, and his dad was a Pasteur and how his dad had got to close to people in the church and they didn't like it so he was harassed until they moved here. His dad got his license for being a Pastuer taken away because of that. The boy said he w! as scared until I came along. He said that he felt he could trust me and knew he should give reasons on why he had hurt me before in the past. He felt that he should explain him self to me so that I knew how much I've done for him. He said I opened doorways

Is there truly any justice in the novel The Stranger, written by Albert

Is there truly any justice in the novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus? Is there truly any justice in the novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus? This is a question that naturally protrudes throughout the novel, as it is not abundantly clear what Meursault, the protagonist, was, in fact, put on trial for. At the beginning of the second part of the narrative, it is understood that he is put on trial for the murder of an Arab; however, it later comes to our attention that the murder was not the primary reason of his trial, and perhaps not even an essential one for that matter. The fact remains that Meursault was undoubtedly put on trial, not for the murder committed, but for being the way he was: unemotional through the eyes of society, which was represented by the jury. To the reader it seems only natural that one should be put on trial, not for their personality, but for the harmful acts that one may commit to another person. Therefore, the idea is strongly implanted in the novel, as well as the mind of the reader, that Meursault was put on trial for murder. Nevertheless, throughout the course of the novel, it becomes apparent that he was, as a matter of fact, not put on trial for the murder of the Arab, but instead, for acting in such a stoic manner. Being the honest, straightforward man he was, he answered all questions in that same conduct. Once Meursault had been appointed a lawyer, his lawyer inquired over the events of Maman's funeral. Meursault responded rather coldly when his lawyer had asked him if he had felt any sadness that day, saying that he "probably did love Maman, but that didn't mean anything. At one time or another all normal people have wished their loved ones dead." (... ...!"(p. 96) This is a rather profound statement that affects not only the characters in the novel, but the reader as well, rather intensely. Thus, it becomes palpable that society, in other words, the jury attempted to fabricate and impose rational explanations for Meursault's irrational actions. The fact that he was so straightforward and onest was disruptive and threatening to their society as they were not accustomed to it, and therefore, they saw no meaning, which would consequently create chaos in their orderly lives. Meursault appears to do as he pleases, when he pleases, and therefore, follows no pattern throughout his life, hence, society becomes threatened by him, which ultimately leads to his execution. Bibliography 1. Camus, Albert: The Stranger. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, 1988. The Faade of the Trial: Meusault's "TRUE" Accusation

Entry Level Employment In Healthcare Essay

1. What competencies are needed for entry level employment in healthcare/HIS? Healthcare skills: (anatomy and physiology, medical terminology, pathophysiology, clerical and administrative procedures, laws and ethics, communications), Computer skills :(MS office, EHR, Internet, billing-related/PM, data mining, records management, coding/cac, And knowledge of healthcare reform: (privacy and security, HIPPA, HITECH, PPACA, ICD-10) for the greatest career opportunities for advancement. 2. Describe various professions (clinical and administrative) and their roles and responsibilities in the medical office. Physicians, primary clinicians in the practice Physician Assistants, formally trained to provide diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative health care services under the supervision of a physician. Nurses, perform a wide range of clinical and non clinical duties. Caring for patient and developing care plans or contribute to existing ones. Nurses administer Iv medications, blood products and other various duties. Medical Assistants, trained perform both clinical tasks and administrative duties. MA’s collect specimens, obtain medical history and vital signs, prepare for and assist with medical procedures. 3. What is SOAP format? Soap (subjective, objective, assessment and plan) is the format used to enter progress notes. 4. Define medical coding and list and describe the different code sets. Medical coding is the process of applying HIPPA mandated code sets to assigned codes to diagnoses and procedures. Code sets include: CPT: (current procedural terminology), used for reporting medical procedures and services. HCPCS: (healthcare common procedure coding system), procedure code for medicare claims ICD-9: (international classification of diseases ninth revision, clinical modification), the source of the codes used for reporting diagnoses. 5. Submit Exercise 7.3 on page 329 of the text. (previously completed) (Chapter 7) Answer here 6. Chapter 8 describes different types of health plans. List them. Exclusive Provider Organization (EPO): A managed care plan where services are covered only if you use doctors, specialists, or hospitals in the plan’s network (except in an emergency). Health Maintenance Organization (HMO): A type of health insurance plan that usually limits coverage to care from doctors who work for or contract with the HMO. It generally won’t cover out-of-network care except in an emergency. An HMO may require you to live or work in its service area to be eligible for coverage. HMOs often provide integrated care and focus on prevention and wellness. Point of Service (POS): A type of plan where you pay less if you use doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers that belong to the plan’s network. POS plans require you to get a referral from your primary care doctor in order to see a specialist. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO): A type of health plan where you pay less if you use providers in the plan’s network. You can use doctors, hospitals, and providers outside of the network without a referral for an additional cost. Health Savings Account (HSA): A Health Savings Account allows individuals to pay for current health expenses and save for future qualified medical expenses on a pretax basis. 7. List and briefly describe the four major government-sponsored insurance programs. Medicare: is the federal health insurance program for people who are 65 or older, certain younger people with disabilities, and people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD). Medicaid: is a joint federal and state program that helps with medical costs for some people with limited income and resources. Medicaid also offers benefits not normally covered by Medicare, like nursing home care and personal care services. TRICARE: is the health care program for almost 9.5 million beneficiaries worldwide—including active duty service members, National Guard and Reserve members, retirees, their families, survivors, certain former spouses and others registered in the Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System CHAMPVA: The Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs is a health benefits program in which the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) shares the cost of certain health care services and supplies with eligible beneficiaries.

How Does Participation in Sports Encourage Positive Youth Development? Essay

Many adults argue that playing sports doesn’t make a difference in the way teenagers or adolescents behave. Many studies show several affects on children’s behavior when they are involved in sports. Different characters such as manners, leadership, social skills, and others are proven to be developed over time within participation in sports. I have found two articles arguing why kids should participate in sports and how it affects their behavior in a positive way. The first article argues First Article: Youth problem behaviors, such as truancy, violence, and substance use, are alarming to parents, teachers and youth alike. These behaviors disrupt the learning environment and lead to serious social and economic problems. Some experts have argued that rather than trying to prevent individual problem behaviors, parents, schools and communities should work towards building a youth’s ability to resist the lure of problem behaviors (Dryfoos, 1990; Werner & Smith, 1992). As youth develop, they need positive settings that offer the opportunity to build these important internal resources (Hawkins & Weiss, 1985). Researchers and teachers have long suggested that extracurricular activity participation can be an important source of positive influence in the lives of youth (Holland & Andre, 1987). This Fact Sheet will explore how youth participation in extracurricular activities can encourage positive youth development. Second Article: is putting a child into a competitive sport beneficial for them? Some people believe competitive sports to have a negative impact on children. It’s hard on their bodies, they tend to put sports before education, and it puts a great deal of pressure on the child to win and if not it can lower the child’s self-esteem. Yes, like everything in life, it has its negatives, but its positives outweigh its negatives by a numerous amount. Competitive sports help children not only physically but mentally and emotionally. Sports can have a great impact on a child’s life and can help them grow not only as an athlete, but as a person. Growing up playing sports you meet many new and different people, which helps you learn how to adapt and get to know new people more quickly. Playing competitive sports, you meet people with the same interests and you can develop long lasting friendships. Children learn to participate as a team not just as an individual; this will be needed throughout someone’s life through jobs relationships, and much more. Character and integrity are associated with competitive sports. These two characteristics are not built through competitive sports, but are revealed in a competition. The hope is that you learn to do the right thing and make the right choices, which is character and integrity at its finest. â€Å"Competitive athletes are consistently involved in situations where they are challenged. This not only occurs on the competitive field of play but in the practice gym as well. When this happens, their level of perseverance and determination will be tested. The hope is that they become stronger within over time† (Mango). They also learn discipline, how to set goals and how to achieve those goals. â€Å"Kids involved in sports are less likes to take drugs or smoke because they realize the impacts that these destructive activities can have upon their performance. Girls who play sports are also less likely to get involved into any sexual activity at a young age. Their hormones are released during sport activity and not just held in so that they feel the need to engage into sexual physical activity at a young age. They are also less likely to get pregnant if their mind is on sports not only because of the hormones put into sports but because they will want to continue their career and not get caught up.

The Life and Times of American POWs in Korea

The world war two as well as the cold war was understood in a different concept from the Korean War. In them the Americans fought for both survival and virtue not Realpolitik, there was little chance in the imaginative minds for negotiation even though the general public had a very simple understanding of the Korean conflict. The U.S government planners tempered them own impressions with such strategy and belief of thrust and parry. The U.S interest in the Korean peninsula is often said to have been limited in that planners were ready to cut their losses in the even that the conflict challenged to undermine the global prepondence of power. Thus, there were various effects whose magnitudes were immeasurable. For instance, the shootings within the peninsula may have been limited, but the magnitude of fear among the fighting soldiers was not.[1] The fighting was so intense and fierce as well as unpredictable that even Seoul, changed hands about 4 times.   Initially the Americans seemed to have won the war when General Douglas until the people’s republic of china got involved in the war. The Chinese army and other communist forces surrounded the Americans to hand them their worst defeat ever. The often called â€Å"great bug out† was a cruel shock and a rude awakening to a nation that had invented the atomic bomb, beat the Axis of â€Å"evil† attained prosperity while rebuilding Europe and with the belief that their Asian counterparts were backward and incapable of mounting any major challenge. The Chinese propaganda machine put a lot of emphasis on allied atrocities as well as conversion of POWs to Marxism. [2]At the early stages of the wrangles ever peace terms Republic of China started relentless changes of germ warfare. A majority of the reports published were supported by confessions relieved from POWs who were under () with often supervision from international inspectors with varying credibility. A large number and probably all the germ warfare confessions were falsified. At the end of the armistice talks, most of what was left was dedicated to the prisoners with the talks lasting for about half the time of the war. More recently the thesis that the Korean prisoners of war certainly prone to collaborate have been judged as a tenacious one, even though it had been meticulously debunked as early as 1963 by the pentagon. The situation in Korea was that of captivity being different rather than the captive. The U.S prisoners were coerced to give confessions in Marxist jargon. Instead of having just a quite session to inform fellows, as had been the case in earlier conflicts. The Korean was encompassed periods of incarceration as cruel as any American encounter, with about a third perishing resulting in a highly coercive atmosphere. If by any chance there was collaboration in Korea, then the situation can best be explained by the demands of the captors as well as the conditions the captive were subjected to instead of just a decline in character of youth. Although the POWs, may not have a permanent or profound revolution in their thought patterns still they were subject to vigorous and routinely indoctrination processes. This kind of methodology was responsible for a large number of collaboration that superficially appeared as a personality transformation. Within the camps, separating officers and â€Å"natural† leaders from the rest of POWs did the segregation. Such tactics like the encouraging race, class as well as political affiliation so as to abrade personal lies and group places among the POWs. Albeit the Chinese forces proclaimed the policy of â€Å"leniency† it was often on the theoretical basis as most the camps were inherently coercive.   In this often-coercive environment the Chinese forces added a forum from where the prisoners could often be minutely scrutinized for compliance. A brief summery of personal accounts from some of the soldiers who took part in the Korean War would probably provide a better insight to the flight of the prisoners of war. After graduating from high school (1950) Tom Gaylets was recruited in the U.S army, fort Knox, Kentucky for a period of six weeks. He later joined his brother and other soldiers who were in Korea. His unit has changed with the duties of blowing up bridges making roads while at same time removing and locating enemies. This particular unit according to tom moved up and down Korea encountering 21 battles in extreme wealthier condition. (summer 100 degrees) to less than 40 degree in winter) the experience according to him was like â€Å"a hell hole because we fought the war 24 hours a day seven days a week†.[3] There was no such a thing as taking a break. The soldiers were always at the frontline. The following year (may 17 1951) tom was called up by his commanding officer with the excitement at the prospect of arriving home was short lived the following morning when Chinese soldiers attacked their division. After a while the Chinese soldiers captured them, they were taken to a holding area until later at night in order to move them. After that the torture exercise began the Chinese made them carry sickness, hunger, and fatigue! They were not offered anything to eat by the Chinese soldiers, and ate anything that they could find on their way.[4] The food that was served to soldiers was terrible though there was a gradual change after some time. For instance there was one point where tom says that they were served rice and noticed some piece of meat in the rice. Thinking that things had changed for better the soldiers were upbeat only to realize the following day that a rat had accidentally gotten in to their food but the Chinese soldiers intentionally ignored and instead went a head to serve it to them. They were not served meat in their meals until some time in 1953. In the course of his stay at the camp as a POW tom says in the book that about 1,500 men died. During the winter seasons the dead soldiers were wrapped and chopped on the hillside without any decent depict an act of dehumanization. Tom himself almost succumbed to death due to various factors like starvation, bouts of dysentery and apparently about 100 pounds.[5] The Chinese soldiers were constantly looking for excuses in order to punish the POWs. A friend was routinely (every morning) put in a four –by- four foot-hole and left for the rest of the day with a hat on his head. After that he would be taken out of every night only to be returned the next morning where he would fill out information with his hat on and then taken back to the hole. When Tom left to go and see some of his friends in the other company the Chinese solders would move him into a hut their start a fire there and leave him closed up for days. Another account by a soldier named David is a description of the deplorable conditions that they were subject to. After eluding the enemy soldiers for a couple of days, David and his compatriot were captured they were then taken through then initial positions and in fields and then hidden under cliff during the day. (Out-doors) they were not offered any sanitation or medical care. The food that was served to them was a brown powder and which was very little in quantity. This state of affairs was routinely carried out until June of 1951 when they were moved to a mining camp. At this stage a large number of prisoners began to die from starvation, while others died as a result of no medical care for the wounds and injuries sustained and others died from torture. Within his camp everyone according to David was plagued with dysentery that resulted in large number of soldiers dying in this camp. After about three months at the camp the soldiers then started moving them out to new camps. The transfer involved a matching process with no food while at the same time some of them were bombed by the U.S B24 which resulted to even more deaths. During the winter seasons some prisoners were given a pair of cotton pajamas but this all they had for the remaining seasons in spite of the fluctuating weather conditions which could go as well as below zero by about 40-50 degrees in the cold season be as lot as this in the included: body lice, dysentery, pneumonia, skin disorders, intestinal disorders, night blindness, beriberi, frostbites and the more insensitive one was the threat to be executed which often accompanied all Out of the approximately 7,190 prisoners of war, who were captured largely in the first months of the war, about 3,000 of them are estimated to have died in captivity about 43% of the mortality were as a result of starvation in a period that last about for six months (Nov 1950-Apr 1951. often the Chinese soldiers communist apologist normally argue that the U.S bombed most of the areas, thereby preventing the delivery of food.[6] However, some soldiers also claim that even though a large apart of the North Korean supply were heavily bombed most of the camps where the POWs were situated were right on the border of china, which had been exempted from bombing. Although the purposeful starvation of the American POWS had ceased in the early summer of 1951, a new phase of treatment greeted the POWs. This phase easy characterized by very disturbing experiences even to the American public than the initial murder by starvation method; the mass indoctrination in propaganda that were anti-American in philosophy often referred as brainwashing as well as the recruitment of the prisoners of war to regurgitate/repeat the learned propaganda in signed statements and even public broadcasts took hold. Even though the â€Å"brainwashing† term eventually fell out of favor, due to the belief by psychologists that the communist indoctrination had no permanent effect on a majority of POWS as soon as they returned, it however was both a mental and physical torture process. In the history of the war they were some points (1950-1951) that are considered significant. For instance, the purposeful starvation of POWs by the Korean and Chinese soldiers often broke the spirit of the prisoners. The resulting effect was that they ceased to help one another. Attempts by most officers to take command, coercing them to cooperate in their common interest, were often thwarted by the communist guards, unless the officers were willing to be collaborators. Some officers took up this choice, for example a Lt. Col Paul Liles and Harry Fleming chose this method by creating communist propaganda, and in return cutting down on the number of deaths in their camps.   Even though these officers were later court martialed, many still believe they played a crucial role in saving many lives that would otherwise have been lost if they had not taken this stance. Elsewhere, many prisoners were too apathetic to defend their comrades and even themselves from the predators and other thugs like James Gallagher and PFC Roth well Floyd. In one particular instance, that has stood out happened in 17 Feb 1951 when Sgt. Gallagher tossed two POWs that had been severely weakened by dysentery from inside the barrack to the cold where they froze to death. The reason given by him was that the body stench and the general stink of the unclean dysentery patients was a revolting one.   Although this may be accurate, when soldiers act as a team and care for one another, the survival rates is gotten very high. There were some prisoners too who were never reported. The U.S authorities had documented about 66 American personnel that had been held back by the communist forces against their will after the war ended. A majority of them had been captured outside of Korea, and as such were not considered under the armistice terms. So far nothing ever came of them over after concerted efforts by diplomatic missions to secure their release. There were about three general phases to the encounters of the POWs per most of the soldiers especially the ones who hired to tell their tale. For instance the soldiers who gave their personal accounts had the experience of marching which can be referred to as the â€Å"marching phase† in this phase the communist soldiers and particularly the Chinese subject the POWs to often walking barefoot while poorly clothed in bitterly cold weather. They were then marched from their points of capture to camps that were situated deep inside North Korea. The second phase which took place until sometime in October 1951 when a majority of the camps were left to the Chinese control, In this phase where a great deal of deaths about 40 percent as a result of starvation, malnutrition as well as denial of Medicare by the unsympathetic north Korean PA guards. Other than malnutrition, starvation and lack of medical care the experience of the soldiers also included such acts like night blindness. Most of the men interviewed have discussed night blindness among prisoners as well as guards, vegetable competing lacking from their diet or in small quantities that do not make up a balanced diet. These are enough conditions about torture lice cold together with dysentery. There are instance where a guard is told who was ready to offer his bag of lunch plus 2 hours head start to any prisoners of war was willing to escape from the prison camps. This is a testimony of the deplorable state of the prisons and the treatment offered to the soldiers. Most of the times there was no medication and if it was provided then it was inadequate with no records at all. Some prisoners were indoctrinated on a daily basis with the sessions lasing from morning to night with just a short break for the Chinese soldiers to have their lunch. In the mean time the prisoners were not offered any food and it is during such times when the brains rushing process began. The perception that was instilled in them was that of repeating communist ideals and philosophy that they had learned in the process.   At night the soldiers would come into the huts and make the soldiers sit while facing eth wall, and warmed with flash lights that shone on the prisoners’ faces, the soldiers made them repeat the communist philosophy References: Harry Spiller, 1998. American POWs in Korea, sixteen personal accounts. McFarland & Company Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [1] Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [2] Raymond B. Lech, 2000, Broken soldiers, University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago IL, 330pp [3] (Harry Spiller, 1998). [4] (Harry Spiller, 1998). [5] Harry Spiller, 1998. American POWs in Korea, sixteen personal accounts. McFarland & Company [6] (Harry Spiller, 1998)   

Promote Person Centred Approaches Essay

1.1 Person centred planning (PCP) should encompass every aspect of a service users support. Effective PCP is designed to ensure that the individual’s needs are always central when creating an effective support plan. Aspects such as an individuals goals, history, communication requirements, likes, dislikes and personal preferences should all be dutifully incorporated to create a fair, effective and unique care plan. For example, we have to respect the choices of the User. If the spiritual believes could appear not adequate for us, doesn’t mean that we are right and they are wrong. We need to do everything we can for help to promote adequate and good care for this user respecting their choices, independence and privacy. 1.2 The Care Plan is our bible. It provide all the information we need to provide the care  that the Users desire. The person is at the centre of our work, this mean we need plan and let the person to maintain their independent. Care Plans need to be review regularly to fulfil the individuals needs. Using effective care plans that apply person centres values provides the service user the chance to create a plan that it directly linked to their values and needs. Nobody likes to feel as though a generic method of care is applied when considering his or her support needs. Everyone is unique with requirements that relate exclusively to them 2.3 It is important to remain flexible when considering a service users support needs. An individual will always be changing and growing so it is important that this is reflected within their care plan. For example when I have previously supported NP goals relating to his ability to gain confidence whilst walking outside had to be met in a way that made the goal attainable. At first a goal of independent walking had been included within his IPP however any strict detail as to why and how this were to be most effectively achieved had to be assessed whilst communicating with him during our 1:1 support sessions. It turned out hat this goal was advised so that he could gain the confidence to go to work independently  without the need to get a life from his relative. As we would commonly visit the supermarket we created a method whereby the journey to the local supermarket was broken into segments where he would walk independently, slowly managing a further and further distance each week. Had I said that he should walk the entire journey by himself without breaking it down into manageable steps this goal would have not been completed. Therefore the effective completion of this goal was only attained through the needs of the individual being met on a personal level. 3.1 Mental capacity can be a complicated and ever adapting benchmark when assessing a person’s ability to do what is best for themselves. People must always be allowed to make mistakes as this will always be an inalienable human right of any individual. Ensuring that people do not put themselves or anyone else in direct  and immediate danger is the reason behind why the mental capacity act has been created. Factors such as anxiety and tiredness can affect an individuals ability to express consent which is reflective of their true needs. When a care plan is created it is always best to do it at a time and place where a service user feels relaxed and able to express their needs in a manner that is in alignment with their true feelings. For example at time times when I have supported ES he has been unable to convey a true account of his feelings due to being anxious at the time. If this is the case it is best for ES to spend some time doing relaxation exercises so that he can effectively participate in the design of his IPP. 3.3 For example when we admin Medications Stop any other activities we are doing, check and read all the information we have (care plan, MAR chart, blister pack †¦ ) Log in the LogBook. If anything happen, report immediately to line manager, inform the user and report it in the LogBook. If consent cannot be readily established an assessment of the persons capacity would need to be carried out. Firstly it would have to be considered that the individual understands what they are being asked to do, why they are being asked to do it and to what the concequences of their  choices may be. It is worth considering if they are relaxed, tired or preoccupied at this time. It can be beneficial to implement relaxation exercises to try and calm down a service user or even getting in touch with their family to ensure that their needs are fully met. If they are putting themselves or anyone else in immediate danger it can at points be necessary to contact emergency services depending on the severity of the situation. However this should always remain a the last option available when trying to diffuse a situation. 4.1 Encouraging people to do as much as possible for themselves , settings goals and task. Listening and acknowledging someone strengths and weakness. Allow individuals time to think and evolve in what they want to do. Recognising achievements however big or small they have made. If they cannot understand or make decisions by their self, the next of kin will be informed and asked. The order usually is spouses, parents, children (this may change) 5.3 Risk assessments are a vital part to an individuals care plan. It ensures that they will not be putting themselves or anyone else in danger. Whilst being an important part of any care plan they should remain as non invasive as possible to ensure that a service users retains the right to make their own choices. Certain risk assessments will contain a higher risk factor than others. It is when risks such as crossing road in a dangerous manner are enacted that the service users choice can become secondary to the fact that they are putting themselves in immediate danger. Risk factors such as ones that relate to dietary factors often have a smaller risk factor making it more possible to fully involve the service user in the decision making process when trying to effectively manage the risk in question. 5.4 Ensuring they have the correct information and know when these decision were made on their behalf. Inform them of the rights that they have. Assisting on searching of more information which that may help them make their decisions. If they would  like to make a complaint, inform them the Company policy and help them in  making the complaint if necessarily 6.1 : Personal Identity is the way we see our self and is related to our self image. This is important because it we will affect the way we feel about our self ( self esteem ) Personal Identity includes: Who we are What make us unique What are our values Physical identity Internal Identity Personals Goals 6.2 Those can be very different for different reasons but everyone can reach a good level of fulfilment. For someone could be physical or mental health. Is important that everyone knows this fact because will improve well-being and therefore our level or care. For example one person is important be eating a health meal or for another is not important. Or for an individual is important go to church but for other is more appealing watching a TV show. 6.3 When supporting an individual it is important to make sure that you can meet their needs in a way that promotes their sense of identity, self-image and self-esteem. When I have supported MC he has explained about how he has felt unfairly treated at work. This was mainly due to his lack of career progression as well a request for a transfer not being met, although having been promised. To help with this we constructed an information leaflet about his condition, which we gave to his employers so that they were fully aware of how to best interact with him. I also started communicating with his employer about getting a transfer to a branch that was closer to where he lived. As a result of this he has now been transferred closer to where he lives as well as feeling more valued as an employee. This has helped with develop his self-identity and self image through an increased sense of self worth as well as helping to improve his self-esteem. 7.1 A Risk Assessment will be done depending on the circumstances and surrounding. Like if the user live in the community or live in a care home. The risks are different in those scenarios and different actions need to be taken for make the living area safe. Risk assessments help decipher whether an individual needs 1:1 support or 2:1 support. They can also allow health  care professionals to implement safeguarding techniques to guarantee that the service user will not come into harm. This can include procedures such as giving individuals location devices if they are prone to wondering of whilst not being fully aware of their actions amongst many other advantageous practices to ensure the individuals safety. 7.2 The purpose of risk assessment is to eliminate any risk that may cause harm or loss to both service user and carer worker. However, in relation to the service user is important to remember their human rights are respected. For example the right to choose. If they are assessed also for a Mental Health Capacity and the outcome show that they are able to decide they are allow to make unwise or eccentric decisions. However it is important to identify the risk or possible outcomes, inform the Service User which will support to make a decision that will possibly involve taking some risks. 7.3 : Everyone’s circumstances could change over time in better or worse. Is important to identify any furthers changes or risks so the care plan can reflect the person immediate needs. Also people opinions and what they wants may change. Is important to keep the â€Å"person centred care approach† in mind all the times and during reviews. Also keep in mind our duty of care. the goal of effective support is help empower service users to the point where they feel able to lead an independent and rewarding life. As this is the goal of any support provider they must be aware that for one to achieve this they need to learn to manage the risks that they are subjected to in an independent manner. Therefore as a person grows and develops towards a heightened state of independence it is important to let them take control of their own lives and that means realising that risks that they may have formerly posed a threat to their well being will be withdrawn as they will know how to autonomously manage these hazards themselves.

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay

Cutting operational expenses is something ever organization must learn to balance to ensure productivity and profit margins increase for the company. An increase profit margin is the bottom line for any business and its stakeholders. In order to cut operational expenses productively Artemis Sportswear needs a comprehensive look at the everyday operational expenses. Cutting the everyday expenditures is in need of balance, because to much cuts can cause lose of productivity which in the end will not achieve the desired affect of increase profits. Cutting operational expenses also affects the work force of Artemis Sportswear. This proposal is to define the expenses that need or could be to cut to ensure the success of Artemis Sportswear and how these cuts will affect the workforce. Cutting everyday expenses can help lower operational expenses. When purchasing office supplies, generic is going to be less expensive than brand name products. Buying the store brand name is generally sold at a lower cost. Buying supplies in bulk is cost effective over a long period of time. Leasing equipment is better than buying equipment. When leasing you have the opportunity to upgrade or downgrade when necessary. Technology is always changing and improving, so by leasing there is the option to stay current with the new changes in the equipment. Leased equipment always comes with an insurance policy, which is not needed if there is a currant insurance policy with the company. To avoid being double charged register with your companyÂ’s insurance broker then submit a copy of the new insurance to the leasing company to have it dropped. Smaller equipment such as telephones, printers, fax machines and calculators should be purchased not leased. Usually the smaller equipment will hold its value over time and can be easily replaced if needed. Shopping for bargains or sales of the smaller equipments can save a considerable amount of money. Finding a 3 in 1 package which would include a telephone, fax and printer can also cut costs. Printing in bulk is another way to keep costs down because each copy is less expensive when purchased in larger quantities. Researching various companies for the best rates on telephone services; checking both long distance and local calling plans. Companies that have  plans of unlimited local and long distance are generally the best deals. Another possibility to look into is how much a telephone company charges for each fax that is sent. Most companies charge a flat rate of a minute instead of six second increments which adds up over a period of time. Out sourcing is a great way to significantly cut down costs. The way outsourcing works is when a company obtains a contract with another company to provide services for them. There are many types of companies that specialize in many different services. Companies can rely on outsourcing if they themselves cannot afford or do not want to spend the money on the expensive equipment. These companies can produce less expensive products and labor. In most cases they do not pay their employees benefits and the hourly amount the employees receive is usually very low. These companies typically have less overhead to worry about, making it possible to pay less for their work. These types of contracts are generally done overseas, such as China and India. Outsourcing not only cuts down costs, but it also can aid in expanding the business by building foundations in different countries. The benefit to expanding is more income coming in. Another benefit from outsourcing is that it helps to reduce the work that managers perform allowing them to take care of bigger issues. Of course outsourcing has its disadvantages; it can take away from the personality of the company, by not having a personal communication between the company and clients. “In business, your profits are your reward for your endeavors. In fact, profitability is the only reliable measurement of a business’ success. Profits are the very lifeblood of a business. They fuel growth, support the owners, provide for the well being of the staff, and ultimately determine the success or failure of the business.” Peters Elworthy and MooreCutting operational expenses to increase profit margins is key for Artemis Sportswear to continue selling quality sportswear. First cutting operational expenses in house is a must. In house is where everything begins so thatÂ’s the first place to begin cuts. Hiring a company to help budget Artemis Sportswear is a smart way to educate employees to cut costs. A budget company will first evaluate immediate saving opportunities for Artemis Sportswear by reviewing operating expenses and guiding higher office and  employees to cut operational expenses. Investing in a company to help budget Artemis Sportswear is a smar t way to cut costs and raise profits. There are other ways to cut cost without hiring professionals to help budget the company. Using the internet to search for ideas is also an inexpensive way to save money. After saving money from not hiring a budget cutting company, it will add to ArtemisÂ’s profits. Ideas such as those on ehow.com, ezinearticles.com, and pem.com can save money and just as important, time. Simple tips and ideas like not making cuts without considering the consequences, to leasing gives the option of upgrading or downgrading, depending on needs and changes in technology. Sitting down with the companyÂ’s decision makers and brainstorming strategies to cut spending is another inexpensive way to keep costs low. Look over company expenses and create a list of needs or must haves. Review the companyÂ’s business plan and see what necessary costs have to be made in order for the company to meet its objectives, goals and overall mission. Think about cutting full-time workers into part-time workers or making the positions contract without benefits. Proposal for Artemis Sportswear CompanyWhen discussing cost cutting measures, it is imperative to consider the costs to the employees. When payroll is cut, how Artemis carries the process out can have a negative effect on the employees left and most certainly will have an effect on their work production. Keogh (2001) claims, “Economic trends have been at its worst since 1991” (p 17). A few things have been learned about payroll slashing since then. Some companies are asking the employees what to do in order to cut costs before cutting payroll and have received replies as simple as saving energy to more convoluted solutions. Energy savings alone can result in savings of thousands of dollars. Another fact that has been learned is that it takes a community to support a business. The resulting cuts can have people losing their homes and moving  away from the city that Artemis Sportswear resides in. With loss in population, higher tax levies for businesses may result. The local retail trade is affected. This will also affect the local unemployment rate with an increase in government supplements and food stamps. When people have worked with a company for many years, they donÂ’t have any skills for searching for a job. Even termination can be done with care. It is advised to give ample notice of termination and information about benefits. A company can be hired to help workers cope with “career transition” (Austin, 2001, p 60). When layoffs are activated, the resulting production of the left over employees may or may not be affected; depending upon how the terminations were made. When workers are cut, service is cut. A better idea may be to cut per hour costs or offer early retirement packages for senior employees. A hiring freeze may be a viable alternative. Employees who leave the company are not replaced. Along with lower cost per hour, this might take a while for the company to see profit increase, but if the employees are made to feel part of the solution to its own problems, there may be a significant production increase. This is a point that retraining would come in. Companies like Federal Express and Saturn have gone to retraining programs instead of immediate terminations. Buckstein (1997) explains that “training has yielded $30 for every dollar invested…” (p 131). Bonuses are paid to managers who volunteer to participate as instructors. Retraining consists of team building and changes in workplace culture. Employers can restate what is expected of the workers and let them become aware of what the new focus of Artemis Sportswear is. Company values and ArtemisÂ’s mission statement can be communicated. Employees can be reenergized, knowing that Artemis is trying to keep staff and prevent layoffs. Work assignments can be filled by more than one person as well as rotate, to prevent boredom. This can give a boost to productivity. It is essential to supply information to the workers about proposed changes.  Greenhalgh and McKersie (1980) caution “…rumored use of the layoff strategy leaves employees with a feeling of employment insecurity which affects their work, their relationship with management, and their commitment to continue working for the organization” (p 577). If rumors are circulating, Artemis does not have an accurate measure of their cost cutting implementation strategy. Bleckstein (1997) summarizes, “But a firmÂ’s ability to learn faster than its competitors may be its only sustainable competitive advantage” (p 131). This translates to research. Management must consider the costs overall before cutting jobs. Most important, management must consider the costs to their loyal employees when research indicates effective money saving alternatives. Artemis Sportswear has a few options open to them before cutting payroll. Kinsman (2001) warns, “ItÂ’s time for corporations to start thinking about all the pieces of the success equation before lopping off payroll” (4). Conclusion Business is ever changing in the new world economy. Artemis Sportswear like any other business and will have to take steps to improve business and profit margins. The use of cutting operational expenses is shown in many different forms from out sourcing to cutting back everyday expenses. These are essential for improving the profit margins of Artemis Sportswear but the consideration of how these cuts can affect the worker of the company. References Austin, P. (2001). The making of a one-company ghost town. Business and Society Review, 59-64. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Blickstein, S. (1997). A wider view of training effectiveness. Industrial and Commercial Training, 29(4), 131-132. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Greenhalgh, L., & McKersie, R. B. (1980, November/December). Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for cut-back management. Public Administration Review, 575-584. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Kelly, L. (1996). The costs of cost-cutting. Worklife Report, 10(2), 3. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Keough, J. (2001). The trouble with layoffs. Industrial Distribution, 90(8), 17. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from from EbscoHost database. Kinsman, M. (2001, March 12). The problem with cutting staff in lean times. Westchester County Business Journal,4-8. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Wise Geek. (2003-2008). Wise Geek: What is Outsourcing?. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-outsourcing.htm